Baskadia

Early problems of Pakistan

1:- Unjust award by Sir Redcliff

According to the 3rd June 1974 Plan the Provinces of the Punjab and

Bengal were to be divided into Muslim and non-Muslim majority areas. The

Muslim majority areas would become a part of Pakistan. A commission was

assigned the duty to demarcate the boundaries of Muslim majority and Hindu

majority areas of the Punjab and Bengal. The conspiracy was hatched and

Pakistan was deprived of its true claims. Three Tehsils of District Guurdaspur

namely Pakistan Kot, Batala and Gurdaspur and the Tehsil Zeera of District

Ferozpur were included in India. Sir Radcliffee provided a land route to India

to move into the valley of Jammu and Kashmir. The Two Head Works

Ferozepur head works and Madhopur head works constructed on the land of

West Punjab were also handed over the India.

2. Administrative Problems:

The Hindus working in offices situated in the areas of Pakistan migrated

to India and the offices became empty. Furniture, stationery, typewriters and

other necessary items were also not available in the offices. Most of the

offices started their work under the open sky with no shelter. The Hindu

officers had destroyed the records before going to India. The Government of

Pakistan began its work under miserable conditions. How could it be done

without experienced and trained officials? The nation accepted the challenge

and performed the duties under odd circumstances. Pakistan had to take a

new start form the scratch.

3. Arrival of Refugees:

Millions of Muslim families migrated to Pakistan. On the way to

Pakistan, a very large number of Muslims were massacred and the properties

were looted with the help of British forces. The number of the Muslims who

finally crossed the border was more than 1,25,00,000. The oppressed and

depressed Muslims were temporarily provided accommodations in camps.

To rehabilitate the refugees in Pakistan was a very big task for the

administration. The provision of shelter, clothing and food for them was a

great responsibility.

4. Division of Assets:

The Indian National Congress took every step to crush the withering

economy of the new state. When the question of division of assets between

the two separated countries was raised, the Hindus once again did not do

justice with Muslims. The India government remained reluctant to pay the

share of Pakistan out of the cash balance of four billions. The share of

Pakistan was 750 million rupees. First installment of 200 millions issued at

once but remaining amount was delayed illegally. India inspite of world

pressure became ready to pay the amount if Pakistan would surrender

Kashmir Valley to India. Gandhi interfered in the matter and partial payment of

500 millions was released. The balance of 50 million has not been paid byIndia so far. A meeting was held in November 1947 in this context. The

representatives of the two states signed a treaty but India took no action.

5:Division of Armed forces:

It was imperative that the military assets were also to be divided

between the two countries after the partition of the Sub-continent,

proportionately. Here again the norms of justice were ignored and India

refused to give the due share. Actually India wanted to keep Pakistan weak.

The Chief of the Joint Forces of the Sub continent, Commander-in-chief field

Marshall “Auchinluck” favoured the principle of no division of military assets.

He wanted to continue them in joint command. All India Muslim League did

not agree and pressurised for the division of military assets. It was decided

that all military assets would be divided between the two states at the ratio of

64% and 36%. Sixteen ordinance factories were producing weapons in the

sub-continent at the time of partition. Not a single factory was situated in the

area of Muslim majority. Indian Cabinet refused to shift any of the 16 factories

to Pakistan. It was decided after long discussions and deliberations that India

would make payment of 60 million rupees to Pakistan.

The formula finalized for the division of military assets was not

practically implemented due to stubborn attitude of Indian government. Field

Marshal Auchinluck resigned from his office because of the negative and noncooperative attitude of the Indian government. The resignation further

complicated the issue. This is how Pakistan was deprived of her legal and just

share in military hardware. Any way all the soldiers were given the option to

join either of the two for The Muslims expressed their desire to join Pakistan

Army.

6. Canal water Problems:

The natural flow of rivers in the province of Punjab was affected by the

partition of the province. No state can change the course of the river and

deprive another state of its water. The canals and barrages may be built but

with the consent of the concerned state or states. India planned to build up

dams and barrages and checked the flow of water to Pakistan in April 1948.

This step affected the agriculture and economy of the West Punjab. The rivers

Ravi, Sutlaj and Bias enter the territory of Pakistan from Indian side and they

have been the major sources of irrigation in the area. Sir Radcliffe, in his

unjust Award handed Ferozpur and Madhupur Head- works to India inspite of

the fact that the project was working in Muslim majority area.

The matter was sorted out and the two countries were brought on the

negotiation table. World Bank visualized the whole situation and promised to

help Pakistan in the hours of crisis. A huge amount was allocated to solve the

issue. Indus Basin Treaty was consequently signed in 1960, between the twocountries. Pakistan conceded three rivers (Ravi, Sutluj Bias) to India and

reciprocally India left its claim on the waters of rivers Jhelum, Chenab and

Sindh.

7. Problem of States:

At the time of creation of Pakistan there were 635 small and big states.

These states had given an open option to join Pakistan or India or remain

independent. There were four states on which India take control by force and

problem was arise because these state wanted to join Pakistan these state

over Kashmir, Hayderabad, Junagargh and Monarader.

8.

Problem of Transfer of Government Servants

At the time of partition, the government employees were given the

option to choose between the two countries. But in practice, this option

became a formality as all government servants decided their future on

religions considerations. The result was that Pakistan had to face enormous

difficulties to evolve administrative machinery because to shift government

personnel from Indian territories to Pakistan became a huge problem. Initially,

special trains were run to bring them form Delhi to Pakistan but on 8th August,

such a special train was blown up by dynamite. Three compartments were

ripped into pieces while three were derailed. In this way, the transfer of

employees through rails became difficult.

Therefore, the government started to transport the employees to

Karachi by air. Tata Orient Airways had managed only 18 flights when the

Government of India nationalized the company started this work on

September 4 with 26 aeroplanes and named this exercise “Operation

Pakistan”. A transfer office in India and a reception office in Karachi were set

up for these employees. The administrative structure was thus completed with

much difficulty.

9.

Constitutional Problems

At the time of establishment of Pakistan there was no constitution.

Necessary amendments were made in the 1935 constitution of India and it

was implemented so that government could be run. Due to lack of constitution

the problems of power became more complexes. Because of this in December

1971, East Pakistan was separated and became Bangladesh. Rest of

Pakistan started bringing the fire of prejudice and sectarianism and is still

burning.

10. Economic problems

At the time of demarcation of sub-continent there were 400 different

industries or factories but un-accidentally only 14 factories given to Pakistan a

lot of agricultural plain area of Punjab and Bengal was also given to India by

the unjust Red Cliff Award. A lot of important mineral producing areas were

also given to India so that‟s why Lord Mount Batten and his team includingCongress created multi economic problems to weaken the Pakistan

economically.

11. Geographical Problems

When Pakistan came into being, Pakistan was consisted of two major

parts East Pakistan & West Pakistan. East Pakistan was consisted of one

province while West Pakistan comprises of four provinces i.e. Punjab, Sindh,

NWFP & Balochistan. There was no any Road link between East & West

Pakistan. There was 1750Km Indian Areas between the two parts of the

country. That is the reason there is a great cultural difference between the two

parts of the country, which create a lot of problem for Pakistan in future.

12. Problem of Kashmir

The state of Jammu and Kashmir is situated in the North of Pakistan

and was the largest state in the Sub-continent. The total population of the

state was 4 million as per Census of 1941. The British government sold the

whole area of the state to a Dogra Raja, Gulab Singh for Rs. 75 Lac only in

1846. Muslims agitated in 1930 and the struggle for independence from Dogra

control started Movement. The state of Jammu and Kashmir is, culturally,

geographically and religiously very close to Pakistan. The Kashmir is having

been emotionally attached with Pakistan. Therefore, they pressed the Raja to

join Pakistan. The Hindu ruler did not appreciate the idea.

People of Kashmir took the weapons in their hands and started fighting

against the Indian forces. The freedom movement seemed to be successful.

The Hindu forces were pushed back. When the situation became grim, the

Indian government sought the help of the Security Council of the United

Nations. The Security Council passed two resolutions. Both the parties were

advised to accept cease fire. It was also decided that future of the state of

Jammu and Kashmir would be decided according to the aspirations of the

people. To ascertain the will of the people, a plebiscite was to be held. The

armed struggle stopped and the Kashmiri‟s waited for the next move from the

Security Council. Unfortunately the interests of major powers did not allow the

plebiscite. Kashmiri‟s were deprived of their basic right.

13. Enmity of India

First of all congress leaders were against the creation of Pakistan

before the partition of sub-continent. But on the assurance of Lord Mount

Batten congress agreed on the plan that Pakistan cannot survive more than

10 years. That is why after the creation of Pakistan congress leader like

Shankar Acharia & Pandith Nehro comment on the creation of Pakistan.

“Neither the Congress nor the nation has given up its claim of a united India”.

So they created 100 of problems and they started enmity against Pakistan as

a result first war between Pakistan and India was fought in 1948. Other two

main wars in 1965 and 1971 also fought between two countries later on.14. Problem of Pukhtunistan

After the creation of Pakistan, Afghanistan Government claims that

Pushto speaking areas of Pakistan were the part of Afghanistan earlier. A lot

of leaders of NWFP like Sarhadi Gandhi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan also

started enmity of Pakistan and they create a problem of Pukhtunistan for

Pakistan.

15. Death of Quaid-e-Azam:

By the grace of God and by the untiring efforts of Quaid-e-Azam

Pakistan created on 14th August 1947. Great Quaid-e-Azam became

Governor General of Pakistan. Unfortunately Quaid had died on 11th

September 1948, after only 13 months. Death of Quaid-e-Azam created a lot

of problem for Pakistan.